Today, we are proud to share the next chapter of our journey: OpenBiome is becoming the OpenBiome Foundation. With this transition, we renew and refocus our commitment to accelerating microbiome science and ensuring its benefits reach those who need them most.
The FDA must extend the enforcement discretion for investigational fecal microbiota transplant
Studies of the microbes living on and in our bodies are conducted mainly in a few rich countries, squandering opportunities to improve the health of people globally.
On March 28, 2023, OpenBiome convened a live webinar featuring a distinguished panel of physicians from Boston Children’s Hospital, Texas Children’s Hospital, and the University of Minnesota. The discussion focused on the clinical management of pediatric patients with Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection, with a particular emphasis on diagnostic considerations and the use of investigational fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
OpenBIome CEO, Julie Barrett O’Brien, accepting the GBC Health Futurist award at during UNGA. The award recognizes “future seeking, innovating, ‘ahead of the curve’ companies that stand to change the future of global health.” “We are honored to accept this award,” said O’Brien, “and will use this platform to build a more equitable and inclusive system for microbiome scientists across the globe.”
The FDA’s approval of the first fecal microbiota treatment was a watershed moment — and also a wakeup call.
Stool banking depends on a pool of committed and healthy stool donors. Building a sustainable donor pool can be difficult as less than 3% of prospective donors may pass health screenings, necessitating a large recruitment effort. This paper reviews several considerations for recruiting stool donors including guidance on advertising, designing incentives, and maintaining clear communication with prospective and active donors.
Boosting microbiome science worldwide could save millions of children’s lives.Studies of the microbes living on and in our bodies are conducted mainly in a few rich countries, squandering opportunities to improve the health of people globally.
“More than a decade ago, little was known about the myriad of microorganisms that live happily inside and on our bodies. Now researchers believe they could change the future of human health.”
“Controversy rages over the future of fecal microbiota transplants, or FMT. Human feces are a potential gold mine, for both medical researchers and drug makers.”
“By focusing on what’s coming out of patients’ rear ends, a growing body of scientific research has highlighted the crucial role the microbiome plays in human health.”
“Discover everything from regular soap versus anti-bacterial, the hygiene hypothesis and the rise of auto-immune diseases, and explore both fecal transplants and helminthic therapy.”
Nicholson MR, Mitchell PD, Alexander E, Ballal S, Bartlett M, Becker P, Davidovics Z, Docktor M, Dole M, Felix G, Gisser J, Hourigan SK, Jensen MK, Kaplan JL, Kelsen J, Kennedy M, Khanna S, Knackstedt E, Leier M, Lewis J, Lodarek A, Michail S, Oliva-Hemker M, Patton T, Queliza K, Russell GH, Singh N, Solomon A, Suskind DL, Werlin S, Kellermayer R, Kahn SA. Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridium difficile Infection in Children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Mar;18(3):612-619.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.04.037. Epub 2019 Apr 19. PMID: 31009795; PMCID: PMC7549313.
In addition to the new FDA-approved therapies, we still need access to conventional fecal microbiota transplantation for complicated and vulnerable patients with C. diff infection.
Kassam Z, et al. (2019). Donor Screening for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. NEJM. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1913670.
Strategies to restore or prevent microbiome injury—with a particular focus on salvage FMT after antibiotic injury—in the context of immunotherapy toxicities is explored, with a call for additional studies.
Allegretti, J., Kelly, C., Grinspan, A., Mullish, B., Kassam, Z., & Fischer, M. (2020). Outcomes of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Gastroenterology, 159(5), 1982-1984. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.045
Our bodies co-evolved with a community of microbes within us known as the microbiome. Today, we’re exploring how our health and well-being depend on this underappreciated relationship.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is a groundbreaking medical procedure that involves transplanting stool from a healthy donor into the gut of a recipient. This treatment helps restore the balance of bacteria in the intestine, offering powerful therapeutic benefits—most notably in the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infections.
Evaluating the health of stool donors providing Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) material is a crucial and dynamic aspect of stool banking. Donor selection criteria may vary depending on multiple factors such as geography and patient population, and is continually being updated to reflect the latest understanding of FMT and the microbiome. This paper reviews clinical considerations underlying donor selection using OpenBiome’s screening criteria as an example.
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) preparations comprise minimally processed stool that retain a broad fraction of the stool donor’s complete microbiome. Note: Considerations for donor screening are covered separately in a white paper titled “Clinical Considerations for Donor Selection”
Stool banking is a complex, multi-step process that includes screening and monitoring donor health as well as manufacturing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) preparations from donated stool. To help ensure that FMT preparations meet the stool bank’s quality and safety standards, a Quality Department reviews all information associated with an FMT preparation and its donor to verify that it is suitable for patient treatment. This paper outlines and discusses basic quality checks that FMT material should pass before it is released for clinical use.
Detection and response to reported safety events is one of a stool bank’s most important roles. A robust material tracking and pharmacovigilance program enables timely responses to suspected adverse events including safety measures to mitigate risk to patients receiving FMT at centers being supplied by the stool bank. This paper presents OpenBiome’s material tracking and pharmacovigilance program as an example for surveilling patient responses to FMT.
I am writing to share an important and transformative update about OpenBiome.
In light of the FDA’s recent decision to end enforcement discretion, we have had to make some difficult decisions—most notably, scaling back our exceptional team and ceasing the distribution of investigational Fecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT). The outcome, although unavoidable, deeply affects us all as we fully recognize the critical role this treatment has played for clinicians and the patients you care for, particularly those battling severe and fulminant Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infections. Rest assured, however, that while it may take time, we are actively exploring new avenues to ensure patients can access this life-changing therapy.
The first prospective study that examines the efficacy of FMT among patients with IBD and CDI is explored.
Despite similarities in screening programs for safe Fecal Microbiota Treatments for recurrent c. Diff infections, characterizing the reasons for exclusion and reporting on the eligibility rates are studied.
Findings from a large multi-center retrospective cohort, found FMT is effective and safe for the treatment of CDI in children and young adults.
Allegretti, J., Nije, C., McClure, E., Redd, W., Wong, D., & Zhou, J. et al. (2021). Prevalence and impact of Clostridioides difficile infection among hospitalized patients with coranavirus disease 201 9. JGH Open, 5(5), 622-625. doi: 10.1002/jgh3.12497
Conrad MA, Kelsen JR. Clostridioides difficile Infection in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Clinician’s Dilemma. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021 Aug 3:piab069. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piab069. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34343321.
Feuerstadt P, Aroniadis OC, Svedlund FL, Garcia M, Stong L, Boules M, Khanna S. Heterogeneity of Randomized Controlled Trials of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Jul 18. doi: 10.1007/s10620-021-07141-9. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34275058.
Grinspan, A. (2020). FMT for Severe C. difficile Infection: If at First You Do No Harm, the Second Time’s a Charm. Digestive Diseases And Sciences, 66(1), 5-6. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06309-z
Gupta S, Zhu J, McCarty TR, Pruce J, Kassam Z, Kelly C, Fischer M, Allegretti JR. Cost-effectiveness analysis of sequential fecal microbiota transplantation for fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Sep;36(9):2432-2440. doi: 10.1111/jgh.15483. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PMID: 33682170.
Kelly, C., Fischer, M., Allegretti, J., LaPlante, K., Stewart, D., & Limketkai, B. et al. (2021). ACG Clinical Guidelines. American Journal Of Gastroenterology, Publish Ahead of Print. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001278
Luo Y, Grinspan LT, Fu Y, Adams-Sommer V, Willey DK, Patel G, Grinspan AM. Hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021 Sep;42(9):1165-1166. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.1223. Epub 2020 Sep 23. PMID: 32962772; PMCID: PMC7545245.
Mullish, B., & Allegretti, J. (2021). The contribution of bile acid metabolism to the pathogenesis of Clostridioides difficile infection. Therapeutic Advances In Gastroenterology, 14, 175628482110177. doi: 10.1177/17562848211017725
Parnell JM, Nicholson MR, Kellermayer R, Kahn SA. Pediatric Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Recurrent Clostridioides Difficile. Pediatr Ann. 2021 Dec;50(12):e515-e521. doi: 10.3928/19382359-20211111-01. Epub 2021 Dec 1. PMID: 34889135.
Rupawala AH, Gachette D, Bakhit M, Jimoh L, Kelly CR. Management of Severe and Severe/Complicated Clostridoides difficile Infection using Sequential Fecal Microbiota Transplant by Retention Enema. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 21:ciab041. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab041. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33476379.
Song YN, Yang DY, Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Wong K, McArthur E, Song CZ, Ianiro G, Cammarota G, Kelly C, Fischer M, Russell L, Kao D. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Severe or Fulminant Clostridioides difficile Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol. 2021 Jul 23;5(1):e1-e11. doi: 10.1093/jcag/gwab023. PMID: 35118227; PMCID: PMC8806043.
Tixier EN, Verheyen E, Luo Y, Grinspan LT, Du CH, Ungaro RC, Walsh S, Grinspan AM. Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Severe or Fulminant Clostridioides difficile. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Mar 22. doi: 10.1007/s10620-021-06908-4. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33748913.
AlQahtani, H., Baloch, S., & Tabb, D. (2020). Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient with Severe Neutropenia Not Responding to Standard Therapy. Case Reports In Infectious Diseases, 2020, 1-4. doi:10.1155/2020/3089023
Cheng, Y., Phelps, E., Nemes, S., Rogers, N., Sagi, S., & Bohm, M. et al. (2020). Fecal Microbiota Transplant Decreases Mortality in Patients with Refractory Severe or Fulminant Clostridioides difficile Infection. Clinical Gastroenterology And Hepatology. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.12.029
Martinez-Gili, L., McDonald, J., Liu, Z., Kao, D., Allegretti, J., & Monaghan, T. et al. (2020). Understanding the mechanisms of efficacy of fecal microbiota transplant in treating recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection and beyond: the contribution of gut microbial-derived metabolites. Gut Microbes, 12(1), 1810531. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1810531
Olesen SW. Fecal microbiota transplantation “donor effects” are not clinically relevant for Clostridioides difficile infection. Gastroenterology. 2020 Dec 30:S0016-5085(20)35620-1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.057. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33387515.
Perler, B., Chen, B., Phelps, E., Allegretti, J., Fischer, M., & Ganapini, V. et al. (2020). Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Treatment of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Journal Of Clinical Gastroenterology, 1. doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001281
Rao, K., & Malani, P. (2020). Diagnosis and Treatment of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Infection in Adults in 2020. JAMA, 323(14), 1403. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.3849
Allegretti, J., Fischer, M., Sagi, S., Bohm, M., Fadda, H., & Ranmal, S. et al. (2018). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Capsules with Targeted Colonic Versus Gastric Delivery in Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: A Comparative Cohort Analysis of High and Lose Dose. Digestive Diseases And Sciences, 64(6), 1672-1678. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5396-6
Allegretti, J., Marcus, J., Storm, M., Sitko, J., Kennedy, K., Gerber, G., & Bry, L. (2019). Clinical Predictors of Recurrence After Primary Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study. Digestive Diseases And Sciences. doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05900-3
Cheng, Y., & Fischer, M. (2019). Treatment of Severe and Fulminnant Clostridioides difficile Infection. Current Treatment Options In Gastroenterology. doi:10.1007/s11938-019-00262-1
Kaako, A., Al-Amer, M., & Abdeen, Y. (2019). Bezlotoxumab use as adjunctive therapy with the third fecal microbiota transplant in refractory recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis; a case report and concise literature review. Anaerobe, 55, 112-116. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.11.010
Kelly, C., Fischer, M., Grinspan, A., & Allegretti, J. (2019). Patients Eligible for Trials of Microbe-based Therapeutics do not Represent the Population With Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Clinical Gastroenterology And Hepatology. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.06.034
Tixier, E., Verheyen, E., Ungaro, R., & Grinspan, A. (2019). Faecal microbiota transplant decreases mortality in severe and fulminant Clostridioides difficile infection in critically ill patients. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1111/apt.15526
Bhanvadia, A. (2018) Frail Heart, Friable Colon: A Case Report of Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Refractory Clostridium difficile Infection in a Patient with Recent Trans-Catheter Aortic Valve Replacement. J Inflam Bowel Dis & Discord 3(1): 124.
Cheng, Y. W., Phelps E., Ganapini V., Khan N., Ouyang, F., Xu H., … & Fischer M. (2018) Fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent and severe Clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients: A multicenter experience. American Journal of Transplantation, 10.1111/ajt.15058.
Allegretti, J. R., Allegretti, A. S., Phelps, E., Xu, H., Kassam, Z., & Fischer, M. (2017). Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriage rate post-fecal microbiota transplant is low: a prospective clinical and stool assessment. Clinical Microbiology and Infection
Budree, S., Rao, S., Allegretti, J. R., Fischer, M., Kelly, C. R., Smith, M., … & Kassam, Z. (2017). The Association of Donor Stool Consistency by Bristol Stool Scale on Microbial Profile and Clinical Outcomes of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Clostridium Difficile Infection. Gastroenterology, 152(5), S630.
Piceno, Y. M., El-Nachef, N., Kassam, Z., Smith, M., Lynch, K., Zydek, M., … & Lynch, S. (2017). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Differentially Influences the Gut Microbiota of Clostridium Difficile Infection and Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis Patients. Gastroenterology, 152(5), S1006.
Kassam, Z., Lee, C., & Hunt, R. (2014). Review of the Emerging Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Insights into Future Challenges. Clinics In Laboratory Medicine, 34(4), 787-798. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2014.08.007
Liu CK, Seo J, Pravodelov V, Frazier S, Guy M, Concilio K, Lau-Ng R, Brandeis G, Watson J, van der Velde J, Olesen SW, Budree S, Njenga M, Kassam Z, Osman M. Pilot study of autologous fecal microbiota transplants in nursing home residents: Feasibility and safety. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2022 Mar 7;27:100906. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100906. PMID: 35299780; PMCID: PMC8921299
Chen, J., Zaman, A., Ramakrishna, B., & Olesen, S. (2021). Stool Banking for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Methods and Operations at a Large Stool Bank. Frontiers In Cellular And Infection Microbiology, 11. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.622949
Du, C., Luo, Y., Walsh, S., & Grinspan, A. (2021). Oral Fecal Microbiota Transplant Capsules Are Safe and Effective for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection. Journal Of Clinical Gastroenterology, 55(4), 300-308. doi: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001495
Hourigan, S., Nicholson, M., Kahn, S., & Kellermayer, R. (2021). Updates and Challenges in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridioides difficile Infection in Children. Journal Of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Publish Ahead of Print. doi: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003229
Kelly, C., Yen, E., Grinspan, A., Kahn, S., Atreja, A., & Lewis, J. et al. (2021). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Is Highly Effective in Real-World Practice: Initial Results From the FMT National Registry. Gastroenterology, 160(1), 183-192.e3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.038
Khanna, S., Tande, A., Rubin, D., Khoruts, A., Kahn, S., & Pardi, D. (2021). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent C difficile Infection During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 96(6), 1418-1425. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.04.005
Mendelsohn, R., Kaltsas, A., King, S., Hwang, C., Kassam, Z., & Abend, A. et al. (2021). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Is Safe for Clostridiodies difficile Infection in Patients with Solid Tumors Undergoing Chemotherapy. Digestive Diseases And Sciences. doi: 10.1007/s10620-021-07024-z
Nicholson, M., Hourigan, S., Conrad, M., Goyal, A., Jensen, K., & Kelsen, J. et al. (2021). Current Challenges in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridioides difficile Infection in Children. American Journal Of Gastroenterology, Publish Ahead of Print. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001350
Gupta S, Mullish BH, Allegretti JR. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: The Evolving Risk Landscape. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Feb 5. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001075. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33606488.
Jessica R. Allegretti, Ryan J. Elliott, Alim Ladha, Mary Njenga, Kurt Warren, Kelsey O’Brien, Shrish Budree, Majdi Osman, Monika Fischer, Colleen R. Kelly & Zain Kassam (2020): Stool processing speed and storage duration do not impact the clinical effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation. Gut Microbes, DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1768777
Dawwas G, Brensinger CM, Vajravelu RK, Wu Q, Kelly CR, Laine L, Wu GD, Lewis JD. Long-Term Outcomes Following Multiply Recurrent Clostridioides Difficile Infection and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Dec 8:S1542-3565(20)31642-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.12.004. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33307184
Kelly, C., Laine, L., & Wu, G. (2020). Monitoring Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Practice in a Rapidly Evolving Health and Regulatory Environment. Gastroenterology, 159(6), 2004-2006. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.039
Mamoon, Lamia and Olesen, Scott W. Fecal Microbiota Transplants Annually and Their Positive Clinical Impact, Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology: November 2020 – Volume 11 – Issue 11 – p e00247 doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000247
Marcella C, Cui B, Kelly CR, Ianiro G, Cammarota G, Zhang F. Systematic review: the global incidence of faecal microbiota transplantation-related adverse events from 2000 to 2020. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Nov 7. doi: 10.1111/apt.16148. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33159374.
Massaro, M., Vansia, J., & McGill, S. (2020). Ulcerative Proctitis in a Patient With a History of Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Clostridioides difficile Infection. ACG Case Reports Journal, 7(4), e00364. doi: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000364
Allegretti, J., Mehta, S., Kassam, Z., Kelly, C., Kao, D., Xu, H., & Fischer, M. (2020). Risk Factors that Predict the Failure of Multiple Fecal Microbiota Transplantations for Clostridioides difficile Infection. Digestive Diseases And Sciences. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06198-2
Olesen SW. Power calculations for detecting differences in efficacy of fecal microbiota donors. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2020 Nov 6;20:100674. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100674. PMID: 33241161; PMCID: PMC7672275.
Zellmer, C., Sater, M., Huntley, M., Osman, M., Olesen, S., & Ramakrishna, B. (2020). Shiga toxin-producing E. coli transmission via fecal microbiota transplant. Clinical Infectious Diseases. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1486
Allegretti, J., Mullish, B., Kelly, C., & Fischer, M. (2019). The evolution of the use of faecal microbiota transplantation and emerging therapeutic indications. The Lancet, 394(10196), 420-431. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31266-8
Allegretti, J., Kao, D., Phelps, E., Roach, B., Smith, J., & Ganapini, V. et al. (2019). Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection with Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy Following Successful Fecal Microbiota Transplant: Should We Recommend Anti-Clostridium difficile Antibiotic Prophylaxis?. Digestive Diseases And Sciences. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5450-4
Allegretti, J.R., Kassam, Z., Fischer, M., Kelly, C., & Chan W.W. (2019). Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Symptoms Following Successful Eradication of Clostridium difficile by Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT). Journal Of Clinical Gastroenterology, 1. doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001194
Krajicek, E., Fischer, M., Allegretti, J., & Kelly, C. (2019). Nuts and Bolts of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation. Clinical Gastroenterology And Hepatology, 17(2), 345-352. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.09.029
Scheeler A. Where Stool is a Drug: International Approaches to Regulating the use of Fecal Microbiota for Transplantation. J Law Med Ethics. 2019 Dec;47(4):524-540. doi: 10.1177/1073110519897729. PMID: 31957572.
Shin, J., Chaplin, A., Hays, R., Kolling, G., Vance, S., & Guerrant, R. et al. (2019). Outcomes of a Multidisciplinary Clinic in Evaluating Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection Patients for Fecal Microbiota Transplant: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Journal Of Clinical Medicine, 8(7), 1036. doi:10.3390/jcm8071036
Allegretti, J. R., Kassam, Z., & Chan, W. W. (2018). Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Should Screening Be Included in the Pre-fecal Microbiota Transplantation Evaluation?. Digestive diseases and sciences, 63(1), 193-197.
Allegretti, J. R., Kassam, Z., Osman, M., Budree, S., Fischer, M., & Kelly, C. R. (2018). The 5D framework: a clinical primer for fecal microbiota transplantation to treat Clostridium difficile infection. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 87(1), 18-29.
Brown, J. R. M., Flemer, B., Joyce, S. A., Zulquernain, A., Sheehan, D., Shanahan, F., & O’Toole, P. W. (2018). Changes in microbiota composition, bile and fatty acid metabolism, in successful faecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridioides difficile infection. BMC Gastroenterology, 18(1), 131.
Budree, S., Osman, M., Panchal, P., Shu, E., Carrellas, M., Kassam, Z., & Allegretti, J. (2018, November). 618. Do Clinical Factors Affect Microbial Engraftment After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection?. Open Forum Infectious Diseases (Vol. 5, No. suppl_1, pp. S225-S226). US: Oxford University Press.
Duarte-Chavez, R., Wojda, T. R., Zanders, T. B., Geme, B., Fioravanti, G., & Stawicki, S. P. (2018). Early results of fecal microbial transplantation protocol implementation at a community-based university hospital. Journal of global infectious diseases, 10(2), 47.
Panchal, P., Budree, S., Scheeler, A., Medina, G., Seng, M., Wong, W. F., & Eliot, R. (2018). Scaling Safe Access to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Past, Present, and Future. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 20(4), 14.
Panchal, P., Elliott, R. J., Budree, S., Osman, M., Allegretti, J. R., Kelly, C. R., … & Kassam, Z. (2018). 1010-Scaling Access to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium Difficle Infection in the United States: A Geospatial Time-Series Analysis from 2013 to 2017. Gastroenterology, 154(6), S-190.
Panchal, P., Kahn, S., Zellmer, C., Kassam, Z., Osman, M., Allegretti, J., … & NASPGHAN FMT Special Interest Group. (2018, November). 533. Scaling Pediatric Access to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the United States: A Time-Series Geospatial Analysis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases (Vol. 5, No. suppl_1, pp. S197-S197). US: Oxford University Press.
Smillie, C. S., Sauk, J., Gevers, D., Friedman, J., Sung, J., Youngster, I., … & Allegretti, J. R. (2018). Strain tracking reveals the determinants of bacterial engraftment in the human gut following fecal microbiota transplantation. Cell host & microbe, 23(2), 229-240.
Allegretti, J. R., Kao, D., Sitko, J., Fischer, M., & Kassam, Z. (2017). Early Antibiotic Use After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Increases Risk of Treatment Failure. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 66(1), 134-135.
Allegretti, J. R., Phelps, E., Allegretti, A., Xu, H., Fischer, M., & Kassam, Z. (2017). Classifying Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Failure: An Observational Study Examining Timing and Characteristics of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Failures. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.
Chu, N. D., Smith, M. B., Perrotta, A. R., Kassam, Z., & Alm, E. J. (2017). Profiling living bacteria informs preparation of fecal microbiota transplantations. PloS one, 12(1), e0170922.
Fischer, M., Kao, D. H., Phelps, E. L., Smith, J. D., Roach, B., Kassam, Z., … & Allegretti, J. R. (2017). Should we Recommend Anti-Clostridium Difficile Antibiotic or Probiotic Prophylaxis?: Risk of Clostridium Difficile Infection with Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy Following Successful Fecal Microbiota Transplant. Gastroenterology, 152(5), S1005.
Fischer, M., Khan, M., Phelps, E. L., Safdar, N., Misch, E. A., Kaur, N., … & Xu, H. (2017). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation is Safe and Effective for the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. Gastroenterology, 152(5), S1005.
Fischer, M., Sipe, B., Cheng, Y. W., Phelps, E., Rogers, N., Sagi, S., … & Kassam, Z. (2017). Fecal microbiota transplant in severe and severe-complicated Clostridium difficile: A promising treatment approach. Gut microbes, 8(3), 289-302.
Allegretti, J. R., Kao, D. H., Sitko, J., Fischer, M., & Kassam, Z. (2017). Prevalence of Early Antibiotic Use Post-Fecal Microbiotatransplantation and Corresponding Risk of FMT Failure. Gastroenterology, 152(5), S342-S343.
Panchal, P., Budree, S., Tu, E., Kahn, S. A., Allegretti, J. R., Fischer, M., … & Osman, M. (2017). Pediatric Access to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection in the United States and the Impact of Stool Banks: A Geospatial Analysis. Gastroenterology, 152(5), S849-S850.
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